THE METHOD OF TREATING WASTE WATER

THE METHOD OF TREATING WASTE WATER

Waste water can be treated using three methods:

Physical method
Waste can be treated by sedimentation, gravity etc.

Chemical method
Waste can be treated by Coagulation.

Biological method
Waste are treated by oxidation, activated sludge process, Aerated lagoons in which matters get settled down.

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PHYSIO- CHEMICAL

PHYSIO- CHEMICAL

The physio- chemical parameters of liquid waste and their effects as follows:

ODOUR: Water is always pure without colour, smell or taste. The odour in water is caused by volatile substances associated with decomposed organic matter and gases. They have great values.

COLOUR: The dissolved or colloidal substance of vegetable origin like iron and other substances are responsible for the colour present in water.

OIL: The oil that is spilled on water tends to spread on water surface, which affects the growth of planktons, coats vegetation, aquatic animals.

FLOATABLES: Greases, tars are floating materials, they seal off atmospheric air and sunlight. The suspended solids from oxides, hydroxides, pigments also choke the gills of the aquatics.

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND(BOD): This is the amount of oxygen(mg/1) required by bacteria to convert organic waste matters( in waste water) to useful water by decomposing the impurities at 20⁰c for period of five days.

CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND(COD): Chemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen(mg/1) required to chemically oxidise waste water using an oxidizing agent like potassium dichromate. Chemical oxygen demand affects the level of oxygen in water and also aquatic life. Wasted can weaken, destroy both metallic and concrete structures, because there are corrosive substance in waste such as acid.
It is harmful to human, aquatic and micro-organisms.

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POLLUTION APPLICABLE TO THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

POLLUTION APPLICABLE TO THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

In the petroleum industry there are three stages of pollution, which are during:

1. Crude oil production/drilling
2. The transportation of crude products from oil wells/Refineries to different geographical locations.
3. Refining processes.

Environmental pollution by the petroleum industry can be due to waste, solid, waste water and air pollutants.

Waste from petroleum industry originates from the following processes

S/N	REFINING PROCESS	ASSOCIATED LIQUID WASTE
1.	Distillation	Effluent with ammonia, H2S and Phenols.
2.	Desalting	Sulphides, Nacl, Phenols etc
3.	Vacuum Distillation	Phenols and oils
4.	Naphta Hydrotreating	Sour condensate
5.	Catalytic Hydrotreating	Ammonia Cyanides, Hydrogen, Sulphide.
6.	Catalytic Thermal Cracking	Ammonia, sulphide, Phenols, Hydrogen.
7.	Hydrocracking	Ammonia
8.	Catalytic  Alkylation	Alkalis from washings and acids from drains.
9.	Solvent Processes	Solvent like Copper, Sulphides, Phenols etc.
10.	Treating Processes	Organic and inorganic pollutants emulsified oil.

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EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT

EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT

• Environmental pollution have cause so much pains to human, it may cause damage to agricultural land, aquatic ecology, industrial property, human health.
• Environmental pollution causes global warming, climatic change, loss biodiversity, ozone layer depletion etc.
• Human health is affected in numerous ways. However heavy metals (Hg, Pb) cause metabolic malfunction in human. For example bioaccumulation is the ability of fish to store up mercury in its brain without metabolizing the metal. If such fish is eaten by human, there could be serious consequences as mercury is poisonous causing stomatitis, digestive upset, renal complications, gastric disorders etc.
• The effects of pollutants are dangerous on our water. Water pollution destroys aquatic life. When pollutants reach our water, dissolved oxygen in water is reduced due to rapid increase in bacterial population. Pollutants such as Gammalin 20, Lead(Pb), Cyanide suffocate and kills fish and other aquatic animals including aquatic plants. Polluted water harbours viruses and bacteria which could cause diseases like cholera, dysentery and typhoid fever. Water pollution also prevents floral growth and soil fauna. Example the oil disposal from mechanic workshop may have effect on the growth of floral and soil fauna. Also contaminate surface and underground water.
• The effect of noise pollution can lead to physical disorders which may cause hearing impediments.
• Land pollution may cause the modification of terrestrial habitat through the delay of recolonisation and succession.
• The pollution of the atmosphere by man (air pollution) can cause chronic disease such as bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer, nervous disturbances, sneezing and coughing. Also the atmospheric pollutant can cause acid rains which causes a lot of damage to trees and vegetation, acidification of lakes causes extinction to lakes fauna including fish populations.

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NOISE POLLUTION

NOISE POLLUTION

Noise pollution is one of the challenges man is facing, since the time of Industrial Revolution. Every day in our environment noise continue to increased due to industries and mining processes in our environment.

Man have try their best to put the level of noise in decibels produced, to at least 65 decibels in the environment of industrial locations. while in the process plant or areas it should be at least 85 decibels.
All workers, working in the process plants or areas should be sensitise on the proper need to put on their Ear plugs when working in the process areas to safeguard their hearing.
The sources of noise pollution are blasting, heavy trucks movement, sound of plants, drilling, crusher, the sound working machines generate when working, Electronic player sound etc.
The instrument used to detect the noise level is known as Data Logging Sound Meter.

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WATER POLLUTION

WATER POLLUTION

Water serves as food, and as well serves as source of cooking and cleaning agents to human. Water pollutants may be physical, biological or chemical in nature. Water is said to be polluted when there is adversely change in its quality.
However, when oil/chemical is discharged directly or indirectly into a water bodies, that water body is said to be polluted. Looking at this pollution the oil/chemical is the pollutant.

Biological pollutants is the introduction of pollutants which serves as nutrients and producing changes in the relative abundance of aquatic micro- organisms and depletion of dissolved oxygen.

Chemical pollutants is the introduction of chemicals into water body, which may affect its pH, toxicity and its salinity.
Trichloroethylene(TCE) is a common ground water pollutant. Other pollutants like Aerosols, DDT(Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloromethane) pesticides and PCB(Polychlorinated Biphenyls) are infectious agents.

The sources of water pollution are mainly the discharges of sewage from factories, waste water treatment plant, toxic chemicals, fertilizer, pesticides, waste disposal. The gaseous emissions from factories, refineries, auto mobiles contaminate the atmosphere, and later fall down as rain. This rain water can be polluted by the presence of oxide of nitrogen and sulfur in the air. These oxides dissolve in rain water to form nitric acid and sulfuric acid.

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LAND POLLUTION

LAND POLLUTION

Land pollution involved soil degradation and soil contamination by hazardous solids or liquids dumped in the soil.
The natural causes of land pollution or solid degradation emanates from whirlwind, tornadoes, earthquakes and sea or ocean surges.

The used of excess pesticides and fertilizers cause pollution to the environment. There are many sources of land pollution due to deforestation, erosion, oil/chemical spills, human waste, indiscriminate solid waste.

The man-made pollution which man caused on the soil are classified as hazardous on the basis of their reactivity, toxicity, corrosivity, flammability and explosivity etc.
In our environment, solid waste from the industries emanates from disused packaging, process waste, disused equipment, ashes from incinerators, sludge etc.

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AIR POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION

The sources of pollution can be natural or man-made.
i. Natural: Such as volcanic eruptions, sandstorms, wind storms, tornadoes and organic matters decay. All these make man uncomfortable in the environment and these pollutions are uncontrollable.
ii. Man-made: Such as stationary combustion, industrial processes, solid waste disposal, "air pollutants" such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, burning of fossil fuels, bush burning, sulphur dioxide, radioactive matter, dust and deforestation.

The activities of man in the aspects of mining adds to air pollution. Also the modern used of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture has been contributing to air pollution, and the used of atomic energy increase radioactivity in the atmosphere.

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