REFERNCES

FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT (2002): sustainable development in Nigeria. Ten Years after Rio (NUCED), National Assessment Report (man version). Prepared for the world summit on sustainable Development, August/September 2002, Johannesburg, South Africa.

HOUSING: Encyclopea Britannica. Retrieved 14 August 2011.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX. (2010): Rankings, United Nations Development Programme.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA. “Spent $ 16 billion on electricity and N300 billion naira for roads”. During the reign of Ogunlewe and Anenith, Obasanjo administration.

OLAYEMI. J.K. and AKINYOSOYE V.O. (1989): A review of the Nigerian economy and the agricultural sector. FACU-IFAD Research Report.

ONYENWEAKU .C.E (2000): Policy issues and strategus for Agricultural production in Nigeria. Paper presented at the National workshop on Enhancing Research and Development in Agricultural and Root crops towards poverty Alleviation and Rural Development in Nigeria (NRCRI) Umudike, Nigeria.

WORLD BANK (2002): World development 2002, Building Institutions for market.

 

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CONCLUSION

For Nigeria’s economic should be open the government must diversify the economy from oil export sector into rapid production/manufacturing sector. The building of technical capacity of the work force through quality education must be there, for different ideas for manufacturing. The government must make agriculture compulsory and make mechanize farming method to be in all the local government areas of Nigeria for food security.

Fixed price is very important for us to reduce inflation and corruption.

Reviewed by: Omagbemi Nelson Tosan 

 

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FIXED PRICE

Fixed price is the key to reduce/bring down inflation. For a nation to be a great nation and the economic growth to be great there must be fixed price to all commodities in the nation. Inflation is the back bone of corruption and gives fall to the value of money. 

 

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NIGERIA’S INDUSTRIES

Nigeria’s Industries are sources of revenue to the government and employment to the citizens. Nigeria is a country which has different resources that brought in different industries as a result of manufacturing of goods.

In the 1950’s and 1960’s coal was the main source of power for manufacturing industries. The coal factory where built in Enugu. Then many industries clustered round the coal fields, coal was costly to transport from the coal mine to the distant industrial locations.

The coal factory created employment for about 5000 people then to work. Lack of maintenance and mismanagement lead to the break down of the factory converter and finally generate to the fold up of the coal factory. Up till date no government has say anything to put the factory in place back. Also to different industries in the country that fold up. The developed countries were only to succeed as a result of industries that where built in all their province or states. Example countries like Germany, Canada and U.S.A etc.

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INFRASTRUCTURE

Basic system and services are needed in the development of a country to improve standard of living, such as housing, road, transportation, health and education etc.

• Housing: A developing nation like Nigeria need housing development and housing benefit for citizens to has comfort. Comfort is the second thing man need on earth after food. The government of Nigeria needs to build home after home, just like what Gaddafi’s administration did in Libya to build home after home. Housing development gives Libya citizens comfort and make it attractive to immigrant.

• Road: Road construction started in the early 1900’s in the old western region of Nigeria. Today categories of roads were constructed to connect region to region in Nigeria. Examples trunk A, trunk B and trunk C roads are constructed. The trunk A roads are express roads constructed and maintained by the federal government to connect region to region. Also roads which connected Nigeria to Benin Republic and Ghana.The trunk B roads are state roads they are constructed and maintained by the states government, link towns and city within the states.

The trunk C roads are local government roads which are minor roads constructed and maintained by the local government authorities. The trunk C roads are feeder roads to the major roads and railways. These roads form the means of transporting goods and passengers from one location to another.

Nigeria still need many roads to be constructed and rehabilitates to make easily transportation of passengers and goods, thereby making accessible for industries location. Many industries are located along the express ways, while some are located in their source of raw materials but no access road to transport finished goods easily.

Roads link up various states, cities and towns thereby making them accessible, flexible for communication. Roads create the means of distributing agricultural produce, raw materials and finished goods to reach to the market easily. In Nigeria road is the second faster means of transport after air transport. Air transport is cost in Nigeria, so many make use of road transport. There is a need to construct more good and quality roads in Nigeria.

• Transportation: Nigeria transportation system was dominated by railways until late 1930’s when the availability of lorries revolution came in the transport system. Transportation is the important factor in locating an industry. It entails the movement of people, goods and services on land, water, air and pipeline. It is an agency by which every part of the societies is brought into relation with every other.

In industry, transportation is the important means to describe the broad range of activity involved with the efficient movement of finished goods from location of production to the consumer and also source of supply to the beginning of production line.

In the twentieth century developmental history of transportation is a fantastic history of extension and consolidation in the economic development of a nation. Transportation (land, water, air and pipeline) are important in the development of a country. So the cost of transport must be kept at a minimum in Nigeria to make agricultural produce and manufactured goods to reach to the consumer at a cheap price.

Example when development took place in East Germany the government of Germany make the cost of transportation minimum to help citizens (both the manufacturing industries and the consumer). There is a need to make transportation scheme effective in all areas of development.

• Health Care: Health Cares are poor and available funds cannot cope with increasing population. The poor hygiene and waste disposal in our environment lead to poor health. Environmental pollution and natural disaster may affect human health. In developed world the government spend move in the health sector and setup health care indicators. Developing country or poor society infant mortality rates are high and Medicare’s are poor.

• Education: Education is the right of all children. Education is light. Standard education is good in all societies, so knowledge and understanding is the potential to improve scholars.

Our schools need facilities for good learning and also the schools of different discipline should be built in the six Geo-political zones in Nigeria for practical purpose. For students to study for one year, after they might finish their courses in the university. This will make students to have practical knowledge. Example, the schools of law were built for law students for them to study law for one year, to become good lawyers. Also the schools of Engineering, Meteorology, Surveying, Agriculture etc. should be built for those who read these courses to have practical knowledge and to become professionals.

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AGRICULTURE

Agriculture Practice is the oldest and largest industry in the world. Man’s first need on earth is food, in Nigeria, the bulk of food crop production is carry out in traditional system without the use of mechanical power and this is done with the help of simple farm tools. The farm practice is always passed down from one generation to another.

For the importance of Agriculture to the national development, the federal government of Nigeria have to made policy and introduced mechanize farming method in all the 799 local government of Nigeria including the six in Abuja. Government of various levels need to facilitate its implementation, by doing this the nation will be proud of food and to have enough for storage.

Although agriculture is a major employer, employing about 70 percent of Nigeria’s total labour force. Agriculture is still largely in the hands of subsistence farmers tilling small plots of land to feed their families, with a minimal surplus that can be sold.

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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Economic development is a great important factor in reducing fertility rates. Also economic expansion may lead to productive future in our societies and economic change or development provides the means for standard of hygiene and nutrition for bringing about improved economic will lead to higher standard of living and encourages people to have fewer dependent children. Our economy growth at seven per-cent and unemployment rate increase to 23.9 percent, almost all the states in Nigeria suffer high level of unemployment and it has spread even to the rural areas across the nation. Due to the high rate of unemployment about 6.8 million Nigerians live in Diaspora to make a living.

 

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OPENING OF NIGERIA’S ECONOMIC

INTRODUCTION

Nigeria’s economic for the past three decades is facing a major challenge. In 1987 Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth was three per-cent and 1999/2000 the GDP growth to six per-cent. During the high prices of oil in Obasanjo’s administration, Nigeria’s foreign reserves rose from $ 2 billion in 1999 to $ 43 billion before he left office.

In early 2007, the government introduced a new industrial development policy called the cluster concept. For example, if the newly introduced cluster concept is going to open the economic development of Nigeria, for it not to suffer the fate of its predecessor’s immediate steps are to being taken by governments of various levels to facilitate its implementation. Also the government must diversify the economy from oil export sector into rapid production/manufacture sector. Nigeria need to build a solid and dynamic economy in order to fully improved development and standard of living, also the economic development of our geographical areas can be effectively stimulated by building the technical capacity of the work force through quality education.

• Economic Development
• Agriculture
• Power
• Infrastructure
• Nigeria's Industries
• Fixed Price
• Conclusion
• References

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REFERENCES

CHINESE: The ministry of water Resources of the People’s Republic of

        China.

ENVIRONMENTAL WORKS: Types of sewage. Encyclopedia

         Britannica online. N.P, 2009. Wed October 9, 2009.

EPA: Protecting water Quality from Agricultural Runoff. Fact Sheet No.

        EPA­­­ – 841 – F – 05 – 001. March 2005.

MUNICIPAL: Waste water treatment          

        rest/training/aww/04_ domestic _ waste water_ presentation_ ver 4.

        Pdf.

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (USGS), DENVER, CO

        (1998): Ground water and surface water. A single Resource circular

        1139.      

   

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EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION

There are different effects of water pollution. As the natural landscape is urbanized, the natural water cycle is adversely changed.

There are various effects of water pollution, these include:

• Poisonous food
• Poisonous drinking water.

Poisonous food as a result of polluted water, plants and living organisms are affected in their natural biological communities. Due to the direct or indirect discharged of untreated waste water that flow to the biotic communities of fishes and plants. Also living organisms having accumulated toxins from the environment over their life spans, this is cause as a result of bacteria that attacked living organism (plants and animals)

Poisonous drinking water: Natural phenomena such as earthquakes, storms, Algae blooms, flood, volcanoes etc cause major effects in water quality and change the water cycle from its natural balance. Also the acid rains from the atmosphere, radioactive fallout from atomic bomb testing and warfare activities such as World War II, were the soil of Germany was polluted and no good ground water for human consumption.

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SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTION

The causes of water pollution are basically categorized in two ways:

• Direct/point and 
• Indirect/non-point sources.

Direct/Point Sources: These are contaminants that enter directly into the waterway. Examples are the discharges of sewage from factories, waste water treatment plant and toxic chemicals discharges directly into water bodies.

Indirect/Non-Point Sources: These contaminants enter the water supply from groundwater and the rain water. The ground water which is polluted by agricultural runoff, which contain chemical fertilizer, pesticides and waste disposal. The gaseous emissions from refineries, factories, automobiles etc contaminate the atmosphere (rain water).

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REDUCTION OF WATER POLLUTION

Water pollution can be reduced with direct application of strategic procedures of waste management. In different Geographical areas today, the best way to manage waste is to minimize it. Our community leaders need to work hard to protect both the quantity and quality of our water. The citizens need to be educated about the use of water resources and avoid excess use of fertilizers and pesticides so that it can’t pollute surface water and ground water.

• Control Majors need to be put in place; polluted runoff can be a complex process. Effectiveness management practices of land use, cost and water resources.

• Leakages of toilets should be repair as soon as they are discovered, for it not to flow to our surface water.

• Domestic sewage and waste water need to be treated well before it release into surface water. Pollutants must be adequately treated well to remove harmful substances before discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies, example chemical contaminant such as chlorine.

• There is need to recycle materials whose production creates pollution to our environment, such as packaged foods containing cartons or cans, bottles, boxes etc.

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WATER RESOURCES

In China about 90% of the citizens suffer from water pollution; over 200 million people lack access to safe drinking water in China. To learn more read "water resources of the People’s Republic of China "  The water resources of china are affected by both quantity shortages and water quality pollution.

India, some millions of people have no access to a proper toilet and children die everyday as a result of water pollution which affected water resources of the people’s of India, and cause diarrhea sickness which kill children. Also in the case of the Niger Delta peoples of Nigeria, they suffer for water pollution as well.

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CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

The cause of water pollution in different Geographical location is as a result of lack of treatment of chemical contaminants, domestic sewage and the release of waste water into river, stream, lake and ocean.

Also contaminants get into surface runoff and flow into surface water, ground water (through leaching). Water pollution detrimental to human health. It causes deaths and disease like cholera which kill fast. In many under developed countries, majority of people lack access to safe drinking water. This is a real problem facing developing countries, and developed countries struggle with water pollution problems as well.

 

Polluted Water in Warri (People are Transported from the jetty to different location).

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WATER POLLUTION IN OUR ENVIRONMENT

WATER POLLUTION IN OUR ENVIRONMENT

INTRODUCTION

Our environment has suffered from pollution since the time man started to modify the environment. Our communities has been exposed to pollution for so many years ago and the pollution take the form of chemical substances or energy which includes heat or light, noise etc.

Pollution became a popular issue in our environment due to the industrial revolution that took place in 18th and to early 19th century. “Water pollution” is the contamination of water bodies by which pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment of harmful substances. Water is said to be contaminants when it does not support human consumption and biotic communities of fish.

                                               Polluted Riverside in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Causes of Water Pollution
Water Resources
Reduction of Water Pollution
Source of Water Pollution
Effects of Water Pollution
References.

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